Taittirīyopaniṣat 01.20

ऋतं च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च। सत्यं च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च। तपश्च च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च। दमश्च च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च। शमश्च च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च। अग्नयश्च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च। अग्निहोत्रं च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च। अतिथयश्च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च। मानुषं च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च। प्रजा च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च। प्रजनश्च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च। प्रजातिश्च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च ॥२०॥

ṛtaṃ ca svādhyāyapravacane ca। satyaṃ ca svādhyāyapravacane ca। tapaśca ca svādhyāyapravacane ca। damaśca ca svādhyāyapravacane ca। śamaśca ca svādhyāyapravacane ca। agnayaśca svādhyāyapravacane ca। agnihotraṃ ca svādhyāyapravacane ca। atithayaśca svādhyāyapravacane ca। mānuṣaṃ ca svādhyāyapravacane ca। prajā ca svādhyāyapravacane ca। prajanaśca svādhyāyapravacane ca। prajātiśca svādhyāyapravacane ca॥20॥

[ऋतं (ṛtam) - truth; order; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda; च (ca) - and; सत्यं (satyaṃ) - truth; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda; च (ca) - and; तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda; च (ca) - and; दमः (damaḥ) - self-control; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda; च (ca) - and; शमः (śamaḥ) - tranquillity; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda; च (ca) - and; अग्नयः (agnayaḥ) - fires; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda; च (ca) - and; अग्निहोत्रं (agnihotraṃ) - Agnihotra (fire ritual); च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda; च (ca) - and; अतिथयः (atithayaḥ) - guests; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda; च (ca) - and; मानुषं (mānuṣam) - human beings; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda; च (ca) - and; प्रजा (prajā) - offspring; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda; च (ca) - and; प्रजनः (prajanaḥ) - procreation; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda; च (ca) - and; प्रजातिः (prajātiḥ) - species; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāyapravacane) - in study and teaching of the Veda;]

Acquiring 'as-is knowledge', self-study, and imparting knowledge are the duties. Speech and conduct in tune with perceived 'as-is knowledge', self-study, and imparting knowledge are the duties. Meditating on such truths, worship of the venerable, self-study, and imparting knowledge are the duties. Self-control, self-study, and imparting knowledge are the duties. Engaging in tranquil activities, self-study, and imparting knowledge are the duties. Having humane conduct, self-study, and imparting knowledge are the duties. Procreation, self-study, and imparting knowledge are the duties. Providing excellent birth, self-study, and imparting knowledge are the duties. Protection of the offspring, self-study, and imparting knowledge are the duties.

Taittirīya Bhāshya 01.20

The expression '.... ca svādhyāya-pravacane ca' must be completed by adding 'kartavyāni' i.e. 'are the duties'. AS-IS knowledge is 'ṛtam'. Speech and action that are based on and in sync with such AS-IS knowledge is called 'satyam'. Meditating on such truth, worship of the venerable is called 'tapa', i.e. austerity. Because self-study and imparting knowledge to others are obligatory, they are to be connected with all actions at all times. The term 'mānuṣam' refers to humane qualities. The term 'praja' refers to procreation, protection of the offspring, and caring for their well-being.

ऋतं च स्वाध्यायप्रवचने च कर्तव्यानि।

ṛtaṃ ca svādhyāya-pravacane ca kartavyāni।

[ऋतम् (ṛtam) - truth; च (ca) - and; स्वाध्यायप्रवचने (svādhyāya-pravacane) - self-study and teaching; च (ca) - and; कर्तव्यानि (kartavyāni) - to be done;]

The expression 'ṛtaṃ ca svādhyāya-pravacane ca' must be completed by adding 'kartavyāni' i.e. 'are the duties'.

प्रवचनं व्याख्यानम्। यथार्थज्ञानं ऋतम्। तत्पूर्वकं यथार्थ वचनं करणं च सत्यम्।

pravacanaṃ vyākhyānam। yathārtha-jñānaṃ ṛtam। tat-pūrvakaṃ yathārtha vacanaṃ karaṇaṃ ca satyam।

[प्रवचनम् (pravacanam) - teaching; व्याख्यानम् (vyākhyānam) - explanation; यथार्थज्ञानम् (yathārtha-jñānam) - AS-IS knowledge; ऋतम् (ṛtam) - truth; तत्पूर्वकम् (tat-pūrvakam) - preceded by that; यथार्थ (yathārtha) - true; वचनम् (vacanam) - speech; करणम् (karaṇam) - action; च (ca) - and; सत्यम् (satyam) - truth;]

'pravacana' means explanation or elaboration. AS-IS knowledge is 'ṛtam'. Speech and action that are based on and in sync with such AS-IS knowledge is called 'satyam', i.e. truthfulness.

"ऋतं यथार्थविज्ञानं सत्यं तत्पूर्विका कृतिः। ध्यानसत्ये पूज्यपूजा तप इत्यभिधीयते॥"

"ṛtaṃ yathārthavijñānaṃ satyaṃ tatpūrvikā kṛtiḥ। dhyānasatye pūjyapūjā tapa ityabhidhīyate॥"

[ऋतं (ṛtam) - 'ṛtam'; यथार्थविज्ञानं (yathārthavijñānam) - AS-IS special knowledge; सत्यं (satyaṃ) - truth; तत्पूर्विका (tatpūrvikā) - that is in tune with it; कृतिः (kṛtiḥ) - action; ध्यानसत्ये (dhyānasatye) - in the truth of meditation; पूज्यपूजा (pūjyapūjā) - worship of the venerable; तप (tapa) - austerity; इति (iti) - thus; अभिधीयते (abhidhīyate) - is called;]

"'ṛtaṃ' is AS-IS special knowledge, 'satyam' is elaborated as action that is in tune with such knowledge. Meditating on such truth, worship of the venerable is called 'tapa', i.e. austerity."

इति शब्दनिर्णये॥

iti śabdanirṇaye॥

[इति (iti) - thus; in this manner; शब्द (śabda) - word; sound; निर्णये (nirṇaye) - in the decision; in the determination;]

- stated thus in Shabdanirṇaya, the determination of the word.

सर्वकर्मकृतिकालेष्वपि स्वाध्यायप्रवचनयोः कर्तव्यत्वात् तयोः सर्वत्र अनुषङ्गः।

sarvakarmakṛtikāleṣvapi svādhyāyapravacanayoḥ kartavyatvāt tayoḥ sarvatra anuṣaṅgaḥ।

[सर्व (sarva) - all; कर्म (karma) - actions; कृति (kṛti) - performance; कालेषु (kāleṣu) - in times; अपि (api) - even; स्वाध्याय (svādhyāya) - self-study; प्रवचनयोः (pravacanayoḥ) - and teaching; (of the two) कर्तव्यत्वात् (kartavyatvāt) - because of obligatoriness; तयोः (tayoḥ) - of these two; सर्वत्र (sarvatra) - everywhere; अनुषङ्गः (anuṣaṅgaḥ) - connection;]

Because 'svādhyāya' i.e. self-study and 'pravacana' i.e. imparting knowledge to others - are obligatory, they are to be connected with all actions at all times.

"मन्त्रो मन्त्रार्थवचनं अन्यस्य स्वात्मनोऽपि वा। सर्वकर्मसु कर्तव्यौ सर्वकर्मात्मकौ ततः॥"

"mantro mantrārthavacanaṃ anyasya svātmano'pi vā। sarvakarmasu kartavyau sarvakarmātmakau tataḥ॥"

[मन्त्रो (mantro) - mantra; (sacred utterance;) मन्त्रार्थवचनं (mantrārthavacanaṃ) - statement of the meaning of the mantra; अन्यस्य (anyasya) - of another; स्वात्मनः (svātmanaḥ) - of oneself; अपि (api) - also; वा (vā) - or; सर्वकर्मसु (sarvakarmasu) - in all actions; कर्तव्यौ (kartavyau) - to be performed (dual); सर्वकर्मात्मकौ (sarvakarmātmakau) - having the nature of all actions (dual); ततः (tataḥ) - therefore;]

"Both chanting of the mantra (Vedic texts) and the elaboration of its meaning should be performed for others and also for oneself. Because both are involved in all actions, and are of the nature of all actions."

इति कर्मतत्त्वे।

iti karmatatve।

[इति (iti) - thus; in this way; कर्मतत्त्वे (karmatatve) - in the principle of action;]

- stated thus in karmatatva, an ancient text on the principle of action.

आत्मनश्चेन्मनसैवार्थवचनम्।

ātmanash cen manasaivārthavacanam।

[आत्मनः (ātmanaḥ) - of the self; चेत् (cet) - if; मनसा (manasā) - by the mind; एव (eva) - indeed; अर्थवचनम् (arthavacanam) - statement of meaning;]

The term 'ātmanaḥ', i.e. 'for onself' in the above statement means 'in one's mind' only.

"मानुषं मानुषो धर्मो देवा अपि हि मानुषे। मनुष्यवत् प्रवर्तन्ते नैवैश्वर्यप्रकाशिनः॥"

"mānuṣaṃ mānuṣo dharmo devā api hi mānuṣe। manuṣyavat pravartante naivaiśvaryaprakāśinaḥ॥"

[मानुषं (mānuṣam) - human; (accusative singular) मानुषः (mānuṣaḥ) - a human; (nominative singular) धर्मः (dharmaḥ) - duty; law; righteousness; देवाः (devāḥ) - gods; अपि (api) - also; हि (hi) - indeed; मानुषे (mānuṣe) - in a human; (locative singular) मनुष्यवत् (manuṣyavat) - like a human; प्रवर्तन्ते (pravartante) - act; behave; न (na) - not; एव (eva) - indeed; only; ऐश्वर्यप्रकाशिनः (aiśvaryaprakāśinaḥ) - those who display sovereignty;]

"The term 'mānuṣam' means the duty of a human; even the gods, when in human form, behave like humans; and do not display sovereignty."

इति च।

iti ca।

[इति (iti) - thus; in this way; च (ca) - and / as well;]

- stated thus as well.

"प्रजाया रक्षणं चैव पुनः प्रजननं तथा। प्रकृष्टजातिकरणं कर्मभिस्तनये पितुः॥"

"prajāyā rakṣaṇaṃ caiva punaḥ prajananaṃ tathā। prakṛṣṭajātikaraṇaṃ karmabhis tanaye pituḥ॥"

[प्रजाया (prajāyā) - of progeny; रक्षणं (rakṣaṇam) - protection; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; पुनः (punaḥ) - again; प्रजननं (prajananam) - procreation; तथा (tathā) - likewise; प्रकृष्ट (prakṛṣṭa) - excellent; जाति (jāti) - birth; करणं (karaṇam) - causing; कर्मभिः (karmabhiḥ) - by actions; तनये (tanaye) - for the son; पितुः (pituḥ) - of the father;]

"The father’s duties are to protect his progeny and to ensure procreation again and to secure excellent birth are the duties of the father towards his son."

इति च।

iti ca।

[इति (iti) - thus; च (ca) - and / as well;]

- stated thus as well.