B.G 12.01
arjuna uvāca
Arjuna said:
evaṁ satatayuktā ye bhaktās tvāṁ paryupāsate। ye cāpy akṣaram avyaktaṁ teṣāṁ ke yogavittamāḥ ॥1॥
Among those who constantly worship you engaged in devotional service (bhaktāḥ), and those who worship the imperishable unmanifest, i.e. unmanifest insentient principle, Prakrti, who are the most knowledgeable in Yoga?
Gīta Bhāshya 12.01
This chapter explains the means to worship the Lord, indeed considered a means of liberation, having shown its superiority over the worship of the Unmanifest insentient principle, Prakrti. 'avyaktam' - unmanifest insentient principle that is beyond 'mahat'. Here, 'mahat' refers to the ego principle and manifest insentient principle. Prakrti is also known by terms 'Shri', the feminine principle, and 'akṣaram', the imperishable. The term 'paraṁ', the one beyond, is none but the supreme Brahman who has auspicious attributes, but has no material form.
avyaktopāsanāt bhagavadupāsanasya uttamatvaṁ pradarśya tadupāyaṁ pradarśayati asminn adhyāye।
Having shown the superiority of worship of the Lord over worship of the unmanifest, the means for that is explained in this chapter.
tadupāsanam api hi mokṣasādhanaṁ pratīyate-
That worship also is indeed considered a means to liberation.
"śriyaṁ vasanā amṛtatvam āyan। bhavanti satyā samithā mitadrau॥"
"Dwelling on 'śriyam', i.e insentient principle, they attain immortality. They become truthful, harmonized, and measured in battle."
iti।
-stated thus.
"anādyanantaṁ mahataḥ paraṁ dhruvaṁ nicāyya taṁ mṛtyumukhāt pramucyate॥"
"Having known the beginningless, endless, constant One beyond the 'Mahat', i.e. manifest prakrti, one is released from the mouth of death."
iti ca।
- stated thus as well.
avyaktaṁ ca mahataḥ param- "mahataḥ paramavyaktam" ity ukta parāmāmarśopapatteḥ ।
The 'avyaktam', i.e. unmanifest is also beyond the 'mahat', i.e. manifest insentient or ego principle — as stated: "the unmanifest beyond the mahat" (Katha Upa 1.3.11), because a higher reference is justified.
"upāsya tāṁ śriyam avyakta-sañjñāṁ bhaktyā martyo mucyate sarvabandhaiḥ।"
"Having worshipped that Śrī known as the unmanifest with devotion, the mortal is liberated from all bonds."
iti sāmavede āgniveśyaśākhāyām॥
- stated thus in the Sāmaveda, Āgniveśya branch.
mahacca māhātmyaṁ tasyāḥ vedeṣu ucyate-
And her great glory is declared in the Vedas.
"catuṣkapardā yuvatiḥ supeśā ghṛtapratīkā vayunāni vaste। tasyāṁ suparṇā vṛṣaṇā niṣedataḥ yatra devā dadhire bhāgadheyam॥"
"The four-plaited, well-adorned young woman, resembling ghee, weaves the ritual acts. In her, the winged virile ones sat, where the gods held their share of offerings."
iti।
- stated thus.
"ahaṁ rudrebhir-vasubhiś-carāmy-aham-ādityair-uta viśvadevaiḥ॥"
"I move with the Rudras and the Vasus; I move also with the Ādityas and the Viśvadevas."
ity-ārabhya -
Beginning thus —
"ahaṁ rāṣṭrī saṅgamanī vasūnāṁ cikituṣī prathamā yajñiyānām। tāṁ mā devā vyadadhuḥ purutrā bhūristhātrāṁ bhūry-āveśayantīm। mayā so annam atti yo vi paśyati yaḥ prāṇiti ya īm śṛṇoty uktam। amantavo māṁ ta upa kṣiyanti śrudhi śruta śraddhivaṁ te vadāmi।"
"I am the queen, uniter of the Vasus, the knower, the foremost among the sacrificers. Me the gods set forth in many places, dwelling richly, entering richly. Through me one eats food, sees, breathes, hears speech. Those ignorant of me perish. Hear, O hearer, what I say with faith to you."
"yaṁ kāmaye taṁ tam-ugraṁ kṛṇomi taṁ brahmāṇaṁ tam ṛṣiṁ taṁ sumedhām। ahaṁ rudrāya dhanurā tanomi brahmadviṣe śarave hanta vā u।"
"Whom I desire, him I make fierce, a priest, a seer, a wise one. I stretch the bow for Rudra; I shoot the arrow at the brahman-hater — indeed to slay."
"ahaṁ suve pitaram-asya mūrdhan mama yonir-apsv-antaḥ samudre। paro divā para enā pṛthivyaitāvatī mahinā saṁ babhūva॥"
"I generate the father on the head of this being. My womb is in the waters, within the ocean. He became extended beyond the heavens and beyond this wide earth by his greatness."
ityādi।
- And so on.
"tvayā juṣṭa ṛṣir-bhavati devi tvayā brahmā gataśrīr-uta tvayā॥"
"Favored by you, one becomes a sage, O goddess; by you, a brahman loses his glory — and by you too."
iti ca।
- stated thus as well.
iti śaṅkā kasyacit bhavati। ato jānann-api sūkṣmayukti-jñānārthaṁ pṛcchati- evam-iti।
A doubt may arise in someone. Therefore, even though he knows, he asks for the sake of knowledge through subtle reasoning in 'evam' verse.
evaṁ-śabdena dṛṣṭa-śruta-rūpaṁ "matkarmakṛt" ity-ādi-prakāraś-ca parāmṛśyate। avyaktaṁ prakṛtiḥ। "mahataḥ paramavyaktam" iti prayogāt।
By the word 'evam', forms of seen and heard, such as "performer of My actions" are referred to. The unmanifest is the Prakrti. The common usage is "beyond the 'mahat' is the unmanifest".
"yat tat triguṇam-avyaktaṁ nityaṁ sad-asad-ātmakam। pradhānaṁ prakṛtiṁ prāhuḥ aviśeṣaṁ viśeṣavat॥"
"That which is unmanifest with three qualities, eternal, of the nature of existent and non-existent — they call it the chief cause, 'Prakrti', undifferentiated yet appearing as differentiated."
iti ca bhāgavate।
- stated thus as well in the Bhāgavata.
akṣaraṁ ca tat -
And that is also known as 'akṣaram', the imperishable—
"akṣarāt parataḥ paraḥ।"
"He who is beyond 'akṣaram', the imperishable, is the Supreme."
iti śruteḥ।
- states Vedic testimonials.
paraṁ tu brahma na hi bhagavato-nyat -
The 'paraṁ', the one beyond, is none but the supreme Brahman, and there is no other Lord —
"ānandam-ānandamayo'vasāne sarvātmake brahmaṇi vāsudeve॥"
"In the end all the blissful beings end in the lord Vāsudeva, the Brahman who is full of bliss"
iti bhāgavate।
-stated thus in the Bhāgavata.
rūpaṁ ca īdṛśaṁ sādhitaṁ purastāt। upāsanaṁ ca tathaiva kāryam -
Such a form has been established previously, and worship likewise must be done —
"sahasraśīrṣā puruṣaḥ sahasrākṣaḥ sahasrapāt"
"The Person with a thousand heads, a thousand eyes, a thousand feet"
ity-ārabhya
Beginning thus
"tam-evaṁ vidvān amṛta iha bhavati nānyaḥ panthā ayanāya vidyate॥"
"He who knows him thus becomes immortal here; no other path comes to light."
iti sābhyāsā। āditya-varṇatvād-iṣ-ca na vṛthā upacāratvena aṅgīkāryaḥ।
Thus with repetition. The quality of being sun-colored, etc., is not to be accepted as a mere metaphor.
tathā ca sāmavede saukarāyaṇa-śrutiḥ -
Similarly, in the Sāmaveda, the Saukarāyaṇa teaching it is stated—
"sthāṇur ha vai prājāpatyaḥ sa prajāpatiṁ pitaram-etya uvāca -"
"The firm one, son of Prajāpati, approached his father Prajāpati and said —
mumukṣubhiḥ sādhubhiḥ pūtapāpaiḥ kimu ha vai tārakaṁ tāravācyam। dhyānaṁ ca tasyāptaruceḥ kathaṁ syāt। dhyeyaś-ca kaḥ puruṣo'lomapāda iti।
What is to be called the deliverer by those desiring liberation, the virtuous, freed from sin? How is meditation upon him of true brilliance to be done? Who is the person to be meditated upon — one without hair on the feet?
taṁ hovāca -
To him, he said —
eṣa vai viṣṇuḥ tārako'lomapādo dhyānaṁ ca tasyāptaruceḥ vadāmi॥
This indeed is Viṣṇu, the deliverer, the one with hairless feet. I tell you the meditation on him, who is of true brilliance.
"so'nantaśīrṣo bahuvarṇaḥ suvarṇo dhyeyaḥ sa vai lohitādityavarṇaḥ॥"
He with endless heads, many colors, golden — he is to be meditated upon. He is of the color of the red sun.
"śyāmo'thavā hṛdaye soṣṭabāhur-anantavīryo'nantabalaḥ purāṇaḥ॥"
Or dark-hued, he is in the heart, eight-armed, of infinite strength, endless power, the Ancient One."
ityādi।
- And so on.
arūpatvād-es-tu gatir-uktā। puruṣabhedaś-ca praśnādau pratīyate- "tvāṁ paryupāsate", "ye cāpy-akṣaram-avyaktam" ityādau ॥1॥
Due to lord having no material form, this path is stated. The distinction among persons is understood at the beginning of such questions as 'tvāṁ paryupāsate', i.e. "they worship you" and "and those who also worship the unmanifest imperishable."
Gīta Tātparya 12.01
This chapter describes the conclusive and definitive means to be adopted. As Vedic texts prescribes liberation to worshippers of both the sentient Prakrti and the supreme Brahman, Arjuna asks which of the two is better. Based on the response given by the lord - "kūṭasthokṣara ucyate" (the 'kūṭastha' is called 'akṣara'), "kūṭastham acalam" (the immutable and unmoving), we can clearly infer the word 'avyakta', i.e. unmanifest, in the context refers to Sentient Prakrti. She is also known as Śrī, Lakṣmī, Aupalā, Ambikā, and Hrī. Lords subsequent response like: "mayy eva mana ādhatsva" (fix your mind on me alone), "te me yuktatamā matāḥ" (I consider them to be fully engaged in the path), etc. clearly conclude worhip of the lord with devotion is superior.
sādhananirṇayo'tra।
This chapter describe the conclusive and definitive means to be adopted.
"śriye jātaḥ śriya ā niriyāya śriyaṁ vayo jaritṛbhyo dadhāti। śriyaṁ vasānā amṛtatvam āyan bhavanti satyā samithā mitadrau॥"
"Born from Prakrti, he returns to Prakrti; Prakrti grants vigor to the singers. Dwelling on Prakrti, they attain immortality; being truthful and in agreement, the two wise ones become so."
"upāsitā muktidā sadya eva hy asyeśānā jagato viṣṇupatnī। yā śrīr lakṣmīr aupalā cāmbiketi hrīś cety uktā saṁvid agryā suvidyā॥"
"She who is worshipped, grants liberation immediately; she is indeed the mistress of this world, the consort of lord Viṣṇu. She is known as Śrī, Lakṣmī, Aupalā, Ambikā, and Hrī — the foremost consciousness, the true knowledge."
ityādiśrutibhyaḥ।
- stated thus in various Vedic testimonials.
"śrīḥ sutuṣṭā hareḥ toṣaṁ gamayet kṣipram eva tu। atuṣṭā tad utuṣṭiṁ ca tasmād dhyeyaiva sā sadā॥ avyaktaṁ prakṛtiṁ prāhuḥ kūṭasthaṁ cākṣaraṁ ca tām। pradhānam iti ca prāhur mahāpuruṣa ity api। tāṁ brahma mahad ity āhuḥ paraṁ jīvaṁ parāṁ citim। tasyās tu paramo viṣṇuḥ yo brahma paramaṁ mahat॥"
"Śrī, when pleased, brings Hari’s satisfaction quickly; when displeased, even that satisfaction is affected. Therefore, she must always be meditated upon. She is called the unmanifest, nature, the immutable, the imperishable, the original source, the Great Person, Brahman, the great, the supreme self, the highest intelligence. Viṣṇu is superior to her — who is the supreme Brahman, the great."
iti brahmāṇḍavacanāc ca avyakta-upāsanāt mokṣāśaṅkayā pṛcchati।
As there are such statements of the Brahmāṇḍa Purāna advocating liberation by the worship of the unmanifest, Arjuna asks due to doubt regarding liberation (which of the two is better?).
"kūṭasthokṣara ucyate" ity uttaravacanāt "kūṭastham acalam" ity atrāpy ukteḥ avyaktasabdaḥ citprakṛtivācī। anyathā "ye tvāṁ paryupāsate", "ye cāpy akṣaram", "teṣāṁ ke yoga vittamāḥ" - iti bhedena praśnānupapattiḥ। "paraṁ brahma paraṁ dhāma pavitraṁ paramaṁ bhavān" iti tenaiva uktatvāt।
Because of the subsequent response, “the immutable is called imperishable,” and also “the immutable and unmoving,” the word 'avyakta', i.e. unmanifest, refers to sentient Prakrti. Otherwise, the distinction between “those who worship you” and “those who worship the imperishable” would make the question invalid. Since the same person is said to be the supreme Brahman, the supreme abode, and the purest, that interpretation holds.
ye tu "te me yuktatamā matāḥ", "mayy eva mana ādhatsva" - ity ādau bhagavatā ukte'pi avyakta-upāsakānām ādhikyaṁ vadanti te tu apalāpakatvāt atīva sāhasikā iti suśocyā eva ॥1॥
As the Lord says “fix your mind on me alone”, “I consider them to be fully engaged in the path", the worship of the lord is the most superior path. Despite these clear statements, those who lay claim to the superiority of the worshippers of the unmanifest are evasive and extremely audacious; therefore, they are indeed to be deeply pitied.
