B.G 18.48
सहजं कर्म कौन्तेय सदोषमपि न त्यजेत्। सर्वारम्भा हि दोषेण धूमेनाग्निरिवावृताः ॥४८॥
sahajaṁ karma kaunteya sadoṣamapi na tyajet। sarvārambhā hi doṣeṇa dhūmenāgnirivāvṛtāḥ ॥48॥
[सहजम् (sahajam) - natural; कर्म (karma) - action; कौन्तेय (kaunteya) - O son of Kunti; सदोषम् (sadoṣam) - with fault; अपि (api) - even; न (na) - not; त्यजेत् (tyajet) - should abandon; सर्वारम्भाः (sarvārambhāḥ) - all undertakings; हि (hi) - indeed; दोषेण (doṣeṇa) - with fault; धूमेन (dhūmena) - with smoke; अग्निः (agniḥ) - fire; इव (iva) - like; आवृताः (āvṛtāḥ) - are covered;]
O son of Kunti, do not abandon your natural duties, even if they have faults, because all actions are clouded by faults, just as fire is enveloped by smoke.
Gīta Tātparya 18.48
Everyone should follow cleanliness and purity (śauca), austerity (tapa) and calmness (śamā) through self-control (damaḥ) and control of the senses (indriyaniigrahaḥ), as they are essential virtues. A person who lacks calmness and similar qualities is termed a Shudra. However, if a Shudra possesses more qualities, he is considered equivalent to a Brahmin or higher.
शमो दमः तपः शौचं क्षाञ्तिरार्जवमेव च। ज्नानं विज्नानमास्तिक्यं विप्रकर्म स्वभावजम्॥
śamo damaḥ tapaḥ śaucaṃ kṣāntirārjavameva ca। jñānaṃ vijñānamāstikyaṃ viprakarma svabhāvajam॥
[शमः (śamaḥ) - calmness; दमः (damaḥ) - self-control; तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity; शौचं (śaucaṃ) - purity; क्षान्तिः (kṣāntiḥ) - forbearance; आर्जवम् (ārjavam) - uprightness; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and; ज्ञानम् (jñānam) - knowledge; विज्ञानम् (vijñānam) - wisdom; आस्तिक्यम् (āstikyam) - faith; विप्रकर्म (viprakarma) - duties of a Brahmin; स्वभावजम् (svabhāvajam) - born of one's nature;]
Calmness, self-control, austerity, purity, forbearance, uprightness, knowledge, wisdom, and faith are the duties of a Brahmin, qualities born of one's nature.
एते गुणाः किञ्चिदोनाः विप्रात् क्षत्रिय एव च। अधिका वा ब्राह्मणेभ्यः केषुचित् चक्रवर्तिषु॥
ete guṇāḥ kiñcidonāḥ viprāt kṣatriya eva ca। adhikā vā brāhmaṇebhyaḥ keṣucit cakravartiṣu॥
[एते (ete) - these; गुणाः (guṇāḥ) - qualities; किञ्चित् (kiñcit) - somewhat; उना (unā) - less; विप्रात् (viprāt) - than those distinguished in wisdom; क्षत्रिय (kṣatriya) - a Kshatriya; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and; अधिकाः (adhikāḥ) - greater; वा (vā) - or; ब्राह्मणेभ्यः (brāhmaṇebhyaḥ) - than Brahmins; केषुचित् (keṣucit) - in some; चक्रवर्तिषु (cakravartiṣu) - among emperors;]
These qualities are slightly less in a Kshatriya compared to those distinguished wise ones, or greater in some emperors than in Brahmins.
ऋषयस्त्वेव विज्नेयाः कार्तवीर्यादयो न्रुपाः। शौर्यं तेजो ध्रुतिर्दाक्ष्यं युद्धे चाप्यपलायनम्॥
ṛṣayastveva vijñeyāḥ kārtavīryādayo nr̥pāḥ। śauryaṃ tejo dhr̥tirdākṣyaṃ yuddhe cāpyapalāyanam॥
[ऋषयः (ṛṣayaḥ) - sages; तु (tu) - but; एव (eva) - indeed; विज्नेयाः (vijñeyāḥ) - to be known; कार्तवीर्यादयः (kārtavīryādayaḥ) - like Kārtavīrya; न्रुपाः (nr̥pāḥ) - kings; शौर्यम् (śauryam) - valour; तेजः (tejaḥ) - brilliance; धृतिः (dhr̥tiḥ) - steadfastness; दाक्ष्यम् (dākṣyam) - skill; युद्धे (yuddhe) - in battle; च (ca) - and; अपलायनम् (apalāyanam) - non-retreating;]
Sages, however, are indeed to be known as kings like Kārtavīrya, with valour, brilliance, steadfastness, skill, and non-retreating in battle.
दानमीश्वरभावश्च क्ष्त्रियेऽन्ये गुणा अपि। क्षत्रियोनब्रह्मगुणो वैश्यः कृष्यादिजीवनः॥
dānam īśvarabhāvaś ca kṣtriyeṉye guṇā api। kṣatriyo na brahmaguṇo vaiśyaḥ kṛṣyādijīvanaḥ॥
[दानम् (dānam) - charity; ईश्वरभावः (īśvarabhāvaḥ) - lordliness; च (ca) - and; क्ष्त्रिये (kṣtriye) - in a Kshatriya; अन्ये (anye) - other; गुणाः (guṇāḥ) - qualities; अपि (api) - also; क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - a Kshatriya; न (na) - not; ब्रह्मगुणः (brahmaguṇaḥ) - Brahmin qualities; वैश्यः (vaiśyaḥ) - a Vaishya; कृष्यादिजीवनः (kṛṣyādijīvanaḥ) - living by agriculture and other means;]
Charity, lordliness, and other qualities are inherent in a Kshatriya, not to be found in a Brahmin. A Vaishya's livelihood is through agriculture and related activities.
तत ऊनः शमाद्यैः यः शुश्रूषुः शूद्र उच्यते। अधिकाश्चेद् गुणाः शूद्रे ब्राह्मणादिः स उच्यते॥
tata ūnaḥ śamādyaiḥ yaḥ śuśrūṣuḥ śūdra ucyate। adhikāśced guṇāḥ śūdre brāhmaṇādiḥ sa ucyate॥
[तत् (tat) - that; ऊनः (ūnaḥ) - less; शमाद्यैः (śamādyaiḥ) - by calmness and others; यः (yaḥ) - who; शुश्रूषुः (śuśrūṣuḥ) - servant; शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - a Shudra; उच्यते (ucyate) - is called; अधिकाः (adhikāḥ) - more; चेत् (cet) - if; गुणाः (guṇāḥ) - qualities; शूद्रे (śūdre) - in a Shudra; ब्राह्मणादिः (brāhmaṇādiḥ) - a Brahmin and others; सः (saḥ) - he; उच्यते (ucyate) - is called;]
A person who lacks calmness and similar qualities is termed a Shudra. However, if a Shudra possesses more qualities, he is considered equivalent to a Brahmin or higher.
ब्राह्मणोऽप्यल्पगुणकः शूद्र एवेति कीर्तितः। नरोऽपि यो देवगुणो ज्ञेयो देवो नृतां गतः॥
brāhmaṇo'pyalpaguṇakaḥ śūdra eveti kīrtitaḥ। naro'pi yo devaguṇo jñeyo devo nṛtāṃ gataḥ॥
[ब्राह्मणः (brāhmaṇaḥ) - a Brahmin; अपि (api) - even; अल्प (alpa) - little; गुणकः (guṇakaḥ) - virtue; शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - a Shudra; एव (eva) - indeed; इति (iti) - thus; कीर्तितः (kīrtitaḥ) - is called; नरः (naraḥ) - a man; अपि (api) - even; यः (yaḥ) - who; देव (deva) - divine; गुणः (guṇaḥ) - qualities; ज्ञेयः (jñeyaḥ) - is known; देवः (devaḥ) - a god; नृताम् (nṛtām) - of men; गतः (gataḥ) - gone;]
A Brahmin with little virtue is indeed called a Shudra. A man who possesses divine qualities is known as a god among men.
इति च।
iti ca।
[इति (iti) - thus; च (ca) - and;]
- stated thus, as well.
"स्वकर्मणा तमभ्यर्च्य"
"svakarmaṇā tamabhyarcya"
[स्व (sva) - one's own; कर्मणा (karmaṇā) - by duty; तम् (tam) - him; अभ्यर्च्य (abhyarcya) - worshipping;]
"Worship him by performing your own duties"
इति वचनाच्च क्षत्रियादिष्वपि शमाद्यनुवृत्तिः ज्ञायते। न हि शमादिकं विना तस्य अभितोऽर्चनं भवति। सम्यक् शमादिभिः अर्चनं हि अभ्यर्चनम्। न हि शमादीन् विना सिद्धिं विन्दति।
iti vacanācca kṣatriyādiṣvapi śamādyanuvṛttiḥ jñāyate। na hi śamādikaṃ vinā tasya abhito'rcanaṃ bhavati। samyak śamādibhiḥ arcanaṃ hi abhyarcanam। na hi śamādīn vinā siddhiṃ vindati।
[इति (iti) - thus; वचनात् (vacanāt) - from the statement; च (ca) - and; क्षत्रियादिषु (kṣatriyādiṣu) - among the Kshatriyas and others; अपि (api) - also; शम (śama) - calmness; आदि (ādi) - and others; अनुवृत्तिः (anuvṛttiḥ) - continuation; ज्ञायते (jñāyate) - is known; न (na) - not; हि (hi) - indeed; शमादिकं (śamādikaṃ) - calmness and others; विना (vinā) - without; तस्य (tasya) - his; अभितः (abhitaḥ) - around; अर्चनं (arcanaṃ) - worship; भवति (bhavati) - happens; सम्यक् (samyak) - properly; शमादिभिः (śamādibhiḥ) - with calmness and others; अर्चनं (arcanaṃ) - worship; हि (hi) - indeed; अभ्यर्चनम् (abhyarcanam) - proper worship; न (na) - not; हि (hi) - indeed; शमादीन् (śamādīn) - calmness and others; विना (vinā) - without; सिद्धिं (siddhiṃ) - success; विन्दति (vindati) - finds;]
From such statements, it is understood that even among the Kshatriyas and others, the practice of calmness and similar qualities is observed. Without these qualities, true worship cannot occur. Proper worship is indeed achieved with calmness and similar virtues. Without them, success is not possible.
"यज्ञदानतपः कर्म न त्याज्यम्"
"yajñadānatapaḥ karma na tyājyam"
[यज्ञ (yajña) - sacrifice; दान (dāna) - charity; तपः (tapaḥ) - austerity; कर्म (karma) - action; न (na) - not; त्याज्यम् (tyājyam) - to be abandoned;]
"Acts of sacrifice, charity, and austerity should never be given up."
इत्युक्तत्वाच्च।
ityuktatvācca।
[इति (iti) - thus; उक्त (ukta) - said; त्वात् (tvāt) - because of; च (ca) - and / as well;]
- it is stated thus as well.
"शमोमन्निष्ठता बुद्धेः दम इंद्रियनिग्रहः"
"śamomanniṣṭhatā buddheḥ dama indriyaniigrahaḥ"
[शमः (śamaḥ) - calmness; अन्निष्ठता (anniṣṭhatā) - steadfastness; बुद्धेः (buddheḥ) - of the intellect; दमः (damaḥ) - self-control; इंद्रियनिग्रहः (indriyaniigrahaḥ) - control of the senses;]
"Calmness and steadfastness of the intellect, along with self-control and control of the senses, are essential virtues"
इत्युक्त्वाच्च भागवते।
ity uktvā ca bhāgavate।
[इति (iti) - thus; उक्त्वा (uktvā) - having said; च (ca) - and; भागवते (bhāgavate) - in bhāgavata Purana;]
- stated thus in the Bhagavata Purana.
न च क्षत्रियादिभिरपि शौचतपःशमादिभिः हीनैः भवितव्यमिति तत्तद्धर्मेषु उच्यते।
na ca kṣatriyādibhirapi śaucatapaḥśamādibhiḥ hīnaiḥ bhavitavyamiti tattaddharmeṣu ucyate।
[न (na) - not; च (ca) - and; क्षत्रियादिभिः (kṣatriyādibhiḥ) - by Kshatriyas and others; अपि (api) - also; शौचतपःशमादिभिः (śaucatapaḥśamādibhiḥ) - by purity, austerity, and calmness through self-control and mindfulness, etc.; हीनैः (hīnaiḥ) - without; भवितव्यम् (bhavitavyam) - should be; इति (iti) - thus; तत्तद्धर्मेषु (tattaddharmeṣu) - in various duties; उच्यते (ucyate) - it is said;]
It is stated that in various duties, even Kshatriyas and others should not be devoid of cleanliness and purity (śauca), austerity (tapa) and calmness through self-control and mindfulness (śamā).
युक्ता हि एतैः सर्वैः र्गुणैः जनकतुलाधारादयः। अतो युद्धकाले अपलायनं ऐश्वर्यं च क्षत्रियस्य विशेषगुणौ।
yuktā hi etaiḥ sarvaiḥ rguṇaiḥ janakatulādhārādayaḥ। ato yuddhakāle apalāyanaṃ aiśvaryaṃ ca kṣatriyasya viśeṣaguṇau।
[युक्ता (yuktā) - endowed; हि (hi) - indeed; एतैः (etaiḥ) - with these; सर्वैः (sarvaiḥ) - all; र्गुणैः (rguṇaiḥ) - qualities; जनकतुलाधारादयः (janakatulādhārādayaḥ) - Janaka, Tuladhara, etc.; अतः (ataḥ) - therefore; युद्धकाले (yuddhakāle) - in time of war; अपलायनं (apalāyanam) - non-retreat; ऐश्वर्यं (aiśvaryam) - sovereignty; च (ca) - and; क्षत्रियस्य (kṣatriyasya) - of a Kshatriya; विशेषगुणौ (viśeṣaguṇau) - special qualities;]
Janaka, Tuladhara, and others are indeed endowed with all these qualities. Therefore, during times of war, non-retreat and sovereignty are the special qualities of a Kshatriya.
तौ च, कृष्यादयः, जीवनार्थं शुश्रूषा, याजनं, जीवनार्थं प्रतिग्रहश्चेत्येत एव अन्येषां परधर्माः।
tau ca, kṛṣyādayaḥ, jīvanārthaṃ śuśrūṣā, yājanaṃ, jīvanārthaṃ pratigrahaścetyeta eva anyeṣāṃ paradharmāḥ।
[तौ (tau) - they; च (ca) - and; कृष्यादयः (kṛṣyādayaḥ) - agriculture and others; जीवनार्थं (jīvanārthaṃ) - for livelihood; शुश्रूषा (śuśrūṣā) - service; याजनं (yājanaṃ) - sacrifice; जीवनार्थं (jīvanārthaṃ) - for livelihood; प्रतिग्रहः (pratigrahaḥ) - acceptance; च (ca) - and; इति (iti) - thus; एते (ete) - these; एव (eva) - indeed; अन्येषां (anyeṣāṃ) - of others; परधर्माः (paradharmāḥ) - duties;]
Agriculture and other activities, service for livelihood, sacrifices, acceptance for livelihood, and others are indeed the duties of others.
"शौर्यं तेजो धृतिर्दाक्ष्यं दानं च क्षत्रियेधिकाः। तद्धीना ब्राह्मणे तस्माद् वैश्ये शूद्रे ततोऽल्पकाः॥
"śauryaṁ tejo dhṛtir dākṣyaṁ dānaṁ ca kṣatriyedhikāḥ। taddhīnā brāhmaṇe tasmād vaiśye śūdre tato'lpakāḥ॥
[शौर्यम् (śauryam) - valour; तेजः (tejaḥ) - brilliance; धृतिः (dhṛtiḥ) - steadfastness; दाक्ष्यम् (dākṣyam) - skill; दानम् (dānam) - charity; च (ca) - and; क्षत्रिये (kṣatriye) - in a Kshatriya; अधिकाः (adhikāḥ) - predominant; तत् (tat) - that; हीनाः (hīnāḥ) - lesser; ब्राह्मणे (brāhmaṇe) - in a Brahmin; तस्मात् (tasmāt) - than that; वैश्ये (vaiśye) - in a Vaishya; शूद्रे (śūdre) - in a Shudra; ततः (tataḥ) - than that; अल्पकाः (alpakaḥ) - even less;]
"Valour, brilliance, steadfastness, skill, and charity are qualities predominantly found in Kshatriyas, less so in Brahmins, even less in Vaishyas, and least in Shudras.
अध्यापनं च शुश्रूषा जीवनार्थमृते सताम्। विप्रादिषु क्रमात् ज्ञेयाः शूद्रस्याध्यापनं विना॥
adhyāpanaṃ ca śuśrūṣā jīvanārthamṛte satām। viprādiṣu kramāt jñeyāḥ śūdrasyādhyāpanaṃ vinā॥
[अध्यापनं (adhyāpanam) - teaching; च (ca) - and; शुश्रूषा (śuśrūṣā) - caring; जीवनार्थम् (jīvanārtham) - for livelihood; ऋते (ṛte) - except; सताम् (satām) - of the virtuous; विप्रादिषु (viprādiṣu) - among the learned; क्रमात् (kramāt) - in order; ज्ञेयाः (jñeyāḥ) - should be known; शूद्रस्य (śūdrasya) - of the Shudra; अध्यापनं (adhyāpanam) - teaching; विना (vinā) - without;]
(Teaching and service are for livelihood except for the virtuous. Among the learned, in order, should be known, without teaching of the Shudra.)
Teaching and caring are meant as livelihoods among the learned, except for the virtuous. It should be known that teaching is not meant for the Shudra.
तस्मात् शूद्रोऽल्पशुश्रूषुः स्वभावात् जीवनं विना। एते नैसर्गिका भावाः स्याद्भावोऽन्योपि कुत्रचित्। बलाद् विरुद्धभावस्तु हेयः स्वाभाविकोऽपि यः॥
tasmāt śūdro'lpaśuśrūṣuḥ svabhāvāt jīvanaṃ vinā। ete naisargikā bhāvāḥ syādbhāvo'nyopi kutracit। balād viruddhabhāvastu heyaḥ svābhāviko'pi yaḥ॥
[तस्मात् (tasmāt) - therefore; शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - a Shudra; अल्प (alpa) - little; शुश्रूषुः (śuśrūṣuḥ) - service; स्वभावात् (svabhāvāt) - by nature; जीवनम् (jīvanam) - life; विना (vinā) - without; एते (ete) - these; नैसर्गिकाः (naisargikāḥ) - natural; भावाः (bhāvāḥ) - states; स्यात् (syāt) - may be; भावः (bhāvaḥ) - state; अन्यः (anyaḥ) - another; अपि (api) - also; कुत्रचित् (kutracit) - somewhere; बलात् (balāt) - by force; विरुद्धभावः (viruddhabhāvaḥ) - contrary state; तु (tu) - but; हेयः (heyaḥ) - to be rejected; स्वाभाविकः (svābhāvikaḥ) - natural; अपि (api) - even; यः (yaḥ) - which;]
Therefore, a Shudra, by nature, has little inclination for service without it serving as a livelihood. These are natural states, but sometimes another state may exist. However, a contrary state imposed by force, even if it seems natural, should be rejected.
अनिसर्गोपि हि शुभो वर्धनीयः प्रयत्नतः। याजनैश्वर्यपूर्वास्तु नान्यैः कार्याः शुभा अपि। अपलायनं च शूद्राणां ब्रह्मक्षत्रार्थमिष्यते॥"
anisargopi hi śubho vardhanīyaḥ prayatnataḥ। yājanaiśvaryapūrvāstu nānyaiḥ kāryāḥ śubhā api। apalāyanaṃ ca śūdrāṇāṃ brahmakṣatrārthamiṣyate॥"
[अनिसर्गः (anisargaḥ) - natural state; अपि (api) - even; हि (hi) - indeed; शुभः (śubhaḥ) - auspicious; वर्धनीयः (vardhanīyaḥ) - to be increased; प्रयत्नतः (prayatnataḥ) - with effort; याजन (yājana) - sacrifice; ऐश्वर्य (aiśvarya) - prosperity; पूर्वाः (pūrvāḥ) - preceded by; तु (tu) - but; न (na) - not; अन्यैः (anyaiḥ) - by others; कार्याः (kāryāḥ) - to be done; शुभाः (śubhāḥ) - auspicious; अपि (api) - even; अपलायनं (apalāyanaṃ) - non-retreat; च (ca) - and; शूद्राणां (śūdrāṇāṃ) - of the Shudras; ब्रह्म (brahma) - Brahmins; क्षत्र (kṣatra) - Kshatriyas; अर्थं (arthaṃ) - for the sake of; इष्यते (iṣyate) - is desired;]
Even naturally auspicious things require effort to grow. Sacrifices that bring prosperity should be conducted by the right people, not others, even if they seem beneficial. The steadfastness of the Shudras is valued for the benefit of Brahmins and Kshatriyas."
इति च।
iti ca।
[इति (iti) - thus; च (ca) - and;]
- stated thus, as well.
"प्रसह्य वित्ताहरणं शारीरो दण्ड एव च। अशिष्याणां शासनं च तथैवार्थविनाशनम्॥ एषु ईश्वरभावः स्यान्न कार्यः क्षत्रियेतरैः। सर्वे विधर्मिणः शास्याः क्षत्रियैर्यत्नतः सदा॥
"prasahya vittāharaṇaṃ śārīro daṇḍa eva ca। aśiṣyāṇāṃ śāsanaṃ ca tathaivārthavināśanam॥ eṣu īśvarabhāvaḥ syānna kāryaḥ kṣatriyetaraiḥ। sarve vidharminaḥ śāsyāḥ kṣatriyairyatnataḥ sadā॥
[प्रसह्य (prasahya) - by force; वित्ताहरणं (vittāharaṇam) - seizing of wealth; शारीरो (śārīro) - bodily; दण्ड (daṇḍa) - punishment; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and; अशिष्याणां (aśiṣyāṇāṃ) - of the undisciplined; शासनं (śāsanam) - control; च (ca) - and; तथैव (tathaiva) - similarly; अर्थविनाशनम् (arthavināśanam) - destruction of wealth; एषु (eṣu) - in these; ईश्वरभावः (īśvarabhāvaḥ) - lordly disposition; स्यात् (syāt) - should be; न (na) - not; कार्यः (kāryaḥ) - done; क्षत्रियेतरैः (kṣatriyetaraiḥ) - by non-Kshatriyas; सर्वे (sarve) - all; विधर्मिणः (vidharminaḥ) - heretics; शास्याः (śāsyāḥ) - should be governed; क्षत्रियैः (kṣatriyaiḥ) - by Kshatriyas; यत्नतः (yatnataḥ) - with effort; सदा (sadā) - always;]
"The forceful seizure of wealth, physical punishment, control of the undisciplined, the destruction of wealth, and such similar activities - in these matters, a lordly disposition should not be assumed by non-Kshatriyas. All heretics should always be governed by Kshatriyas with diligence.
अङ्गाद्यहानिकृद् दण्डः शिष्येषु ब्राह्मणादिभिः। कार्यो देहेपि शिष्यस्य स्वामिना स्वेन वार्पितः॥
aṅgādyahānikṛd daṇḍaḥ śiṣyeṣu brāhmaṇādibhiḥ। kāryo dehe'pi śiṣyasya svāminā svena vārpitaḥ॥
[अङ्ग (aṅga) - limb; आदि (ādi) - etc.; अहानिकृद् (ahānikṛd) - causing no harm; दण्डः (daṇḍaḥ) - punishment; शिष्येषु (śiṣyeṣu) - among disciples; ब्राह्मणादिभिः (brāhmaṇādibhiḥ) - by Brahmins and others; कार्यः (kāryaḥ) - should be done; देहे (dehe) - on the body; अपि (api) - even; शिष्यस्य (śiṣyasya) - of the disciple; स्वामिना (svāminā) - by the master; स्वेन (svena) - by himself; वार्पितः (vārpitaḥ) - imposed;]
Among the disciples of Brahmins and others, punishment causing no harm to the limbs, etc., should be imposed on the body of the disciple by the master himself.
पुत्रानुजादयः सर्वे शिष्या एव निसर्गतः। गुरुवश्चैव मित्राणि सखिसब्रह्मचारिणः॥ सम्बन्धिनश्च सर्वेपि तत्तद्योग्यतयाखिलैः। शिक्षणीयेषु भावेषु शिक्षणीयाः प्रयत्नतः॥
putrānujādayaḥ sarve śiṣyā eva nisargataḥ। guruvaścaiva mitrāṇi sakhisabrahmacāriṇaḥ॥ sambandhinaś ca sarve 'pi tat-tad-yogyatayākhilaiḥ। śikṣaṇīyeṣu bhāveṣu śikṣaṇīyāḥ prayatnataḥ॥
[पुत्र (putra) - son; अनुज (anuja) - younger brother; आदयः (ādayaḥ) - and others; सर्वे (sarve) - all; शिष्याः (śiṣyāḥ) - disciples; एव (eva) - indeed; निसर्गतः (nisargataḥ) - by nature; गुरवः (guravaḥ) - teachers; च (ca) - and; एव (eva) - indeed; मित्राणि (mitrāṇi) - friends; सखि (sakhi) - companions; स (sa) - with; ब्रह्मचारिणः (brahmacāriṇaḥ) - celibates; सम्बन्धिनः (sambandhinaḥ) - relatives; च (ca) - and; सर्वे (sarve) - all; अपि (api) - also; तत्-तत्-योग्यतया (tat-tad-yogyatayā) - according to respective qualifications; अखिलैः (akhilaiḥ) - by all; शिक्षणीयेषु (śikṣaṇīyeṣu) - in matters to be taught; भावेषु (bhāveṣu) - in feelings; शिक्षणीयाः (śikṣaṇīyāḥ) - should be taught; प्रयत्नतः (prayatnataḥ) - with effort;]
Sons, younger brothers, and others are naturally disciples. Teachers, friends, companions, celibates, relatives, and all others should be diligently taught according to their respective qualifications in all matters and feelings.
उन्मादे बन्धानाद्यैर्वा ताडनं न गुरोः क्वचित्। पापं चरन्तस्त्वन्येपि सर्वैः द्रुष्टिपथं गताः। शक्तितो वारणीयाः स्युः देशकालानुसारतः। तदुत्तमविरोद्धारः सन्त्याज्या गुरुवोपि तु॥
unmāde bandhānādyairvā tāḍanaṃ na guroḥ kvacit। pāpaṃ carantastvanye'pi sarvaiḥ dṛṣṭipathaṃ gatāḥ। śaktito vāraṇīyāḥ syuḥ deśakālānusārataḥ। taduttamaviroddhāraḥ santyājyā guruvopi tu॥
[उन्मादे (unmāde) - in madness; बन्धानाद्यैः (bandhānādyaiḥ) - by bindings and the like; वा (vā) - or; ताडनं (tāḍanam) - beating; न (na) - not; गुरोः (guroḥ) - of the teacher; क्वचित् (kvacit) - at any time; पापं (pāpam) - sin; चरन्तः (carantaḥ) - acting; त्वन्ये (tvanye) - others; अपि (api) - also; सर्वैः (sarvaiḥ) - by all; द्रुष्टिपथं (dṛṣṭipathaṃ) - in sight; गताः (gatāḥ) - gone; शक्तितः (śaktitaḥ) - according to ability; वारणीयाः (vāraṇīyāḥ) - should be restrained; स्युः (syuḥ) - should be; देशकालानुसारतः (deśakālānusārataḥ) - according to time and place; तत् (tad) - that; उत्तमविरोद्धारः (uttamaviroddhāraḥ) - opposing the best; सन्त्याज्याः (santyājyāḥ) - should be abandoned; गुरुवः (guravaḥ) - teachers; अपि (api) - also; तु (tu) - but;]
In intense situations of madness, one should not resort to binding or beating a teacher. Sinful acts by others, even if witnessed by everyone, should be restrained according to one's ability, considering the time and place. Those who oppose the best should be abandoned, even if they are teachers.
यथाशक्त्यनुशास्यैव कालतोपि न चेत् शुभाः। विष्णौ परमभक्तस्तु न त्याज्यः शास्य एव च॥
yathāśaktyanuśāsyaiva kālatopi na cet śubhāḥ। viṣṇau paramabhaktastu na tyājyaḥ śāsya eva ca॥
[यथा (yathā) - as per; शक्ति (śakti) - ability; अनुशास्य (anuśāsya) - to be instructed; एव (eva) - indeed; कालतः (kālataḥ) - from time; अपि (api) - also; न (na) - not; चेत् (cet) - if; शुभाः (śubhāḥ) - auspicious; विष्णौ (viṣṇau) - in Vishnu; परम (parama) - supreme; भक्तः (bhaktaḥ) - devotee; तु (tu) - but; न (na) - not; त्याज्यः (tyājyaḥ) - to be abandoned; शास्य (śāsya) - to be instructed; एव (eva) - indeed; च (ca) - and;]
One should instruct according to one's ability and time, even if not auspicious. A supreme devotee of Vishnu should never be abandoned, but should always be guided.
शिक्षयंश्च गुरून् शिष्यो गुरुवन्नैव शिक्षयेत्। महान्तो नानुशास्याश्च विरुद्धाचरिता अपि॥ यदि च स्वाधिकानां ते विरोधं नैव कुर्वते॥"
śikṣayaṃśca gurūn śiṣyo guruvannaiva śikṣayet। mahānto nānuśāsyāśca viruddhācaritā api॥ yadi ca svādhikānāṃ te virodhaṃ naiva kurvate॥"
[शिक्षयन् (śikṣayan) - teaching; च (ca) - and; गुरून् (gurūn) - teachers; शिष्यः (śiṣyaḥ) - disciple; गुरुवत् (guruvat) - like a teacher; न (na) - not; एव (eva) - indeed; शिक्षयेत् (śikṣayet) - should teach; महान्तः (mahāntaḥ) - great ones; न (na) - not; अनुशास्याः (anuśāsyāḥ) - to be instructed; च (ca) - and; विरुद्धाचरिताः (viruddhācaritāḥ) - those who act contrary; अपि (api) - even; यदि (yadi) - if; च (ca) - and; स्वाधिकानां (svādhikānāṃ) - of one's own superiors; ते (te) - they; विरोधं (virodhaṃ) - opposition; नैव (naiva) - never; कुर्वते (kurvate) - do;]
A disciple should not teach teachers as if he were a teacher himself. Great individuals are not to be instructed, even if they act contrary. They should never oppose their own superiors."
इत्यादि च।
ityādi ca।
[इति (iti) - thus; आदि (ādi) - beginning; च (ca) - and;]
- And so on.
THIS PORTION COULD BE A LATER ADDITION BY ORTHODOXY, AS THIS DOES NOT ALIGN WITH THE REST OF ĀCHĀRYA'S THOUGHT PROCESS. TO BE NOTED IS THE FACT THAT THEY ARE JUST QUOTES WITH NO COMMENT BY ĀCHĀRYA.
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"आपत्सु विप्रः क्षात्रं तु विशां वा धर्ममाचरेत्। क्षात्रासिद्धौ न शूद्रस्तु विप्रक्षत्रिययोः क्वचित्॥
"āpatsu vipraḥ kṣātraṃ tu viśāṃ vā dharmamācaret। kṣātrāsiddhau na śūdrastu viprakṣatriyayoḥ kvacit॥
[आपत्सु (āpatsu) - in difficulties; विप्रः (vipraḥ) - a Brahmin; क्षात्रं (kṣātram) - the duty of a warrior; तु (tu) - but; विशां (viśām) - of the people; वा (vā) - or; धर्मम् (dharmam) - duty; आचरेत् (ācaret) - should perform; क्षात्रासिद्धौ (kṣātrāsiddhau) - in the absence of a warrior; न (na) - not; शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - a Shudra; तु (tu) - but; विप्रक्षत्रिययोः (viprakṣatriyayoḥ) - of Brahmins and Kshatriyas; क्वचित् (kvacit) - at any time;]
"In times of distress, a Brahmin may take up the duties of a warrior or common people. However, a Shudra should never assume the roles of Brahmins or Kshatriyas, even in the absence of the latter.
क्षत्रियो ब्राह्ममापत्सु तदापत्सु विशामपि। क्षत्रियो विप्रधर्मापि नैव भैक्ष्यप्रतिग्रही॥
kṣatriyo brāhmam āpatsu tadāpatsu viśām api। kṣatriyo vipradharmāpi naiva bhaikṣyapratigrahī॥
[क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - warrior; ब्राह्मम् (brāhmam) - Brahmin's; आपत्सु (āpatsu) - in difficulties; तदा (tadā) - then; आपत्सु (āpatsu) - in difficulties; विशाम् (viśām) - of the people; अपि (api) - also; क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - warrior; विप्रधर्मः (vipradharmaḥ) - Brahmin's duty; अपि (api) - also; न (na) - not; एव (eva) - indeed; भैक्ष्य (bhaikṣya) - begging; प्रतिग्रही (pratigrahī) - accepting;]
A warrior, even when faced with difficulties, should not resort to begging, even if it means taking on the duties of a Brahmin.
वैश्य आपत्सु शौद्रं तु धर्ममेकं न चापरम्। शूद्र आपत्सु विड्धर्मा तदापत्सु च कारुकः॥
vaiśya āpatsu śaudraṃ tu dharmamekaṃ na cāparam। śūdra āpatsu viḍdharmā tadāpatsu ca kārukaḥ॥
[वैश्य (vaiśya) - a member of the merchant class; आपत्सु (āpatsu) - in times of distress; शौद्रं (śaudraṃ) - duty of a Shudra; तु (tu) - but; धर्ममेकं (dharmamekaṃ) - one duty; न (na) - not; च (ca) - and; अपरम् (aparam) - another; शूद्र (śūdra) - a member of the laborer class; आपत्सु (āpatsu) - in times of distress; विड्धर्मा (viḍdharmā) - duty of a Vaishya; तदापत्सु (tadāpatsu) - in those times of distress; च (ca) - and; कारुकः (kārukaḥ) - artisan.;]
In times of distress, a Vaishya should adhere to the duties of a Shudra, but not take on any other roles. Similarly, a Shudra should take on the duties of a Vaishya, and during such times, an artisan should also adapt accordingly.
शूद्रस्तु वैश्यधर्मापि नैव वेदाक्षरो भवेत्। अत्यापदि क्षत्रियोऽपि पादशुश्रूषणे विना॥
śūdrastu vaiśyadharmāpi naiva vedākṣaro bhavet। atyāpadi kṣatriyo'pi pādaśuśrūṣaṇe vinā॥
[शूद्रः (śūdraḥ) - Shudra; तु (tu) - but; वैश्यधर्मा (vaiśyadharmā) - Vaishya duties; अपि (api) - also; न (na) - not; एव (eva) - indeed; वेद (veda) - Veda; अक्षरः (akṣaraḥ) - syllable; भवेत् (bhavet) - should be; अत्यापदि (atyāpadi) - in extreme distress; क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - Kshatriya; अपि (api) - also; पाद (pāda) - feet; शुश्रूषणे (śuśrūṣaṇe) - service; विना (vinā) - without;]
A Shudra is not permitted to learn even a syllable of the Vedas, and a Kshatriya, too, is not allowed unless in dire circumstances, without serving at the feet.
शौद्रधर्मं चरन् विप्रक्षत्रियेषु न दुष्यति। येषु कर्मसु याच्यःस्मात् स्वामिनापि न याचिता॥
śaudradharmaṃ caran viprakṣatriyeṣu na duṣyati। yeṣu karmasu yācyaḥsmāt svāmināpi na yācitā॥
[शौद्रधर्मं (śaudradharmaṃ) - the duty of a Shudra; चरन् (caran) - practicing; विप्रक्षत्रियेषु (viprakṣatriyeṣu) - among Brahmins and Kshatriyas; न (na) - not; दुष्यति (duṣyati) - is tainted; येषु (yeṣu) - in which; कर्मसु (karmasu) - in actions; याच्यः (yācyaḥ) - begging; स्मात् (smāt) - therefore; स्वामिनापि (svāmināpi) - even by the master; न (na) - not; याचिता (yācitā) - is asked.;]
Practicing the duty of a Shudra among Brahmins and Kshatriyas does not bring disgrace. In such actions, begging is not required even by the master.
शौद्राण्यपि स्वधर्मत्वे क्षत्रियस्यापदो यदि। आत्मनश्चेद्बलाधिक्यं सानुबन्धादपि प्रभोः॥
śaudrāṇyapi svadharmatve kṣatriyasyāpado yadi। ātmanaścedbalādhikyaṃ sānubandhādapi prabhoḥ॥
[शौद्राणि (śaudrāṇi) - of the Śūdras; अपि (api) - even; स्वधर्मत्वे (svadharmatve) - in one's own duty; क्षत्रियस्य (kṣatriyasya) - of the Kṣatriya; अपदः (apadaḥ) - in distress; यदि (yadi) - if; आत्मनः (ātmanaḥ) - of oneself; चेत् (cet) - if; बलाधिक्यं (balādhikyaṃ) - superiority of strength; सानुबन्धात् (sānubandhāt) - with followers; अपि (api) - even; प्रभोः (prabhoḥ) - of the lord;]
If a Kṣatriya finds himself in distress, he may perform the duties of a Śūdra, especially if he possesses superior strength and has the support of his followers, even against a lord.
धर्मार्थं सेवतोऽर्थार्थं विप्रधर्माधिकाद्वरः। प्रभुणा याच्यवृत्तिस्तु विशेषेणापि धर्मभाक्॥
dharmārthaṃ sevato'rthārthaṃ vipradharmādhikādvaraḥ। prabhuṇā yācyavṛttistu viśeṣeṇāpi dharmabhāk॥
[धर्मार्थम् (dharmārtham) - for the sake of dharma; सेवत: (sevataḥ) - serving; अर्थार्थम् (arthārtham) - for the sake of wealth; विप्रधर्माधिकात् (vipradharmādhikāt) - from the superior dharma of a Brahmin; वरः (varaḥ) - better; प्रभुणा (prabhuṇā) - by the master; याच्यवृत्तिः (yācyavṛttiḥ) - livelihood by begging; तु (tu) - but; विशेषेण (viśeṣeṇa) - especially; अपि (api) - also; धर्मभाक् (dharmabhāk) - partaking of dharma;]
Serving for the sake of dharma is considered superior to serving for wealth. The livelihood of a Brahmin, even if it involves begging, is especially regarded as partaking in dharma.
बाह्वोर्बलाधिको यः स्यात् क्षत्रियो विद्ययाधिकः। विप्रो भागवतौ चैतौ सेशा लोकास्तयोरिमे॥"
bāhvobalādhiko yaḥ syāt kṣatriyo vidyayādhikaḥ। vipro bhāgavatou caitau seśā lokāstayorime॥"
[बाह्वोः (bāhvoḥ) - of the arms; बलाधिकः (balādhikaḥ) - superior in strength; यः (yaḥ) - who; स्यात् (syāt) - may be; क्षत्रियः (kṣatriyaḥ) - a warrior; विद्यया (vidyayā) - in knowledge; अधिकः (adhikaḥ) - superior; विप्रः (vipraḥ) - a learned person; भागवतौ (bhāgavatou) - devotees of the Lord; च (ca) - and; एतौ (etau) - these two; सेशाः (seśāḥ) - the rest; लोकाः (lokāḥ) - people; तयोः (tayoḥ) - of them; इमे (ime) - these;]
A person who excels in physical strength is a warrior, while one who excels in knowledge is a scholar. Both are devotees of the Lord, and all others belong to them."
इति व्यासस्मृतौ॥
iti vyāsasmṛtau॥
[इति (iti) - thus; व्यासस्मृतौ (vyāsasmṛtau) - in the Vyasa Smriti;]
- stated thus in the works of Vyasa.
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